Causes & symptoms

Updated May 9, 2024

What causes acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs because of damage (mutations) in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell. Although some environmental factors are known to increase the likelihood of mutations, the cause of most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains unknown. Exposure to radiation and some chemicals (e.g. benzene) may increase the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Individuals with Down syndrome are at an increased risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia, especially in childhood. Patients with a weak immune system and those who have received chemotherapy for a prior malignancy may also have an increased risk of developing leukemia.

What symptoms might I experience with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

The symptoms (your own experience) and signs (observed by a doctor) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be divided into 4 categories. As acute lymphoblastic leukemia affects the production of the three types of blood cells, each group produces different symptoms.

1. Low red blood cells (anemia) may cause:

• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Pale skin

2. Low white blood cells (leukopenia) may cause:

• More frequent infections
• Fever

3. Symptoms of low platelets (thrombocytopenia) can be:

• Bruising easily
• Cuts bleeding for longer than normal
• More frequent and/or severe nosebleeds
• Bleeding gums
• Small red dots on the skin called petechiae
• In women, periods may be heavier or more frequent

4. General symptoms may occur, including:

• Night sweats
• Joint or bone discomfort
• Pale skin
• Shortness of breath
• A feeling of fullness or pain just below the ribs
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Coughing, painful breathing
• Lumps in the neck, armpits, abdomen, or groin caused by swollen glands known as lymph nodes
• Enlarged liver or spleen

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a rare disease and other conditions can cause similar symptoms; therefore, if you see any of the symptoms listed above in you or your child please speak to your doctor.